Tobacco Issues in Public Education Essay - 529 Words

Most teenagers have a better grasp of time then others; while the few can see past the present and see what the future can withhold. â€Å"In 2011, 19% of high school girls and 28% of high school boys used some form of tobacco at least one day in the month before the survey.† (Society) Most juveniles will not get the long term picture; of what the short term effects that transpires on their body. For the respiratory system the short term effects such as, coughing, irritation of the eyes, and throat. One cigarette usually will not kill an individual; but, side effects will occur by using it only once. In reality, the upcoming generation strongly believes that they’re immortal. Growing up and believing nothing is harmful seems to be the static†¦show more content†¦This means no fancy lettering that resembles graffiti or an artistic form of fonts. Then, the regulation should also have different health warnings on every box, everything from minor implications that can occur to more drastic possibilities like cancers and even death. Finally, to burn a fierce mental image there should be a picture of the warning next to the health warning text boxes. These solutions may not affect people whom have been consumed by these products but, will weave our future generation to have no interest in the product. Most kids will experience a tobacco product before walking across the graduation stage from their local high school. With stricter regulations we can eradicate the false hope of fitting in with society through the commercials that project groups of friends whom consume the product and pretend their life is excelling due to the usage of a product. False advertisement should be against the law, so, our youth will not be subjected to distorted information. Our country shouldn’t allow corporations to exaggerate about their products behind the colorful tempting packages. If we were given the right information then, we would be compelled to develop a personal opinion based on the product. Finally, allowing us to process the information these corporations give us and lettingShow MoreRelatedA Tobacco Free School Environment Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Policy Tobacco is one of the single most preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. It kills around 6 million people each year, and of that number more than 600,000 deaths are a result of secondhand smoke (World Health Organization, 2016). Even though the rates among youth smoking cigarettes have declined since 2011, more middle schoolers and high schoolers are using tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes, hookahs, and smokeless tobacco. According to the CDCRead MoreFactors That Can Be Addressed As An Addiction Counselor854 Words   |  4 Pagesco-occurring disorders there are two cross-cutting issues that must be addressed as an addiction counselor. The first most important cross-cutting issue to identify is suicidality. It is considered more a behavior that is high risk, than a mental health disorder. Suicidality has shown through research that those who commit suicide have substance abuse or co-occurring disorders which can be diagnosed early. Most common amon g clients is serious depression (U.S. Public Health Service 1999), brought on by substanceRead MoreTobacco s Effects On Our Population828 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals struggle with the effects of tobacco and the ramifications that comes with being a smoker. For decades, tobacco has caused various forms of cancer and health related issues. Since this has become an issue, coalitions and organizations are banding together to control this situation. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, Public Health Service Act of 1944 and the FederalRead MoreCommunity Outreach Programs For Adult And Senior Members Of The Community996 Words   |  4 Pagesmost suffering through an integrated, collaborative, and sustainable approach to primary prevention, health promotion and transformational development. Using the logic model outlined within the â€Å"Ten Essential Services Guide lines† to implementing public health programs for community change and improvement we will pursue development of the following outreach programs to address the three previously identified health related deficiencies in Cabell County.5 The initial community educational activitiesRead MoreEl Salvador Case Study1075 Words   |  5 PagesAddresses the issue of addictive tobacco: Implements the use of tobacco replacements: The implementation of nicotine replacements been beneficial to the international community examples of these replacements are the patch, microtabs, gum, lozenge, inhalers, and nasal spray, Through the implementation of replacements for tobacco incentivizes people to have better health by quit smoking, Replaces tobacco and helps individuals help yeild off the substance; To raise the price on tobacco: When regulationsRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Smoking?1263 Words   |  6 PagesOne Ban That Doesn’t Stink: Banning Public Smoking Do people know that cigarettes are responsible for more causalities each year than from HIV, illegitimate drug use, alcohol related incidents, and automobile calamities combined? It is one of the only permissible products that have been long-established to kill when used as intended. Tobacco usage is the main source of avoidable and premature death and disease worldwide according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medical studiesRead MoreGlobal Tobacco Control, An Analysis1502 Words   |  6 PagesStep One: Gather Information and Identify Preliminary issues As the world’s fifth largest tobacco market, Indonesia has become a well-known smoking nation, where approximately 67% of the male population, aged 15 and over, consume an average of 10 cigarettes a day (Nicter et al., 2010). Meanwhile, secondhand smoking becomes a prevalent issue as the Indonesian government fails to enforce strong anti-smoking legislation and educational movements. Indonesia is the one of the few countries who has notRead MoreTobacco Smoking Is The Largest Single Preventable Cause Of Disease1516 Words   |  7 Pages Overview ‘’ Tobacco smoking is the largest single preventable cause of death and disease in Australia† (Cancer Council, 2006). The 2003 Australian Burden of disease study considers tobacco smoking as a leading cause of disease burden in Australia (Begg S, 2003). Anti-Cancer Council of Australia conducted its first national survey which shows that during the middle of last century, large numbers of males aged 16 and over were smokers and compared to females. However, in the following decades, theRead MoreThe Assessment Of A Health Needs Assessment1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthe methodical technique used to assure that the health service is utilizing its assets to better the health of the population in the most logical way. These assessments use epidemiological, subjective, and provisional procedures to report health issues of a specific population; recognize inconsistencies in well-being and admittance to provisions; and establish primacies for the most successful utilizatio n of assets (Wright, Williams, Wilkinson, 1998). The health needs assessment is not merelyRead MoreWhy You Should Quit Smoking Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesmaybe even you may already have some issues from smoking or being around those that smoke. Thesis: It is imperative for smokers to quit because it benefits society as a whole as well as themselves. Fighting against the use of tobacco is important because it causes many diseases and is a player in air pollution. Transition: Actions and decisions are made each day around youth can lead them to have a skewed understanding of what is right and wrong and issues should be addressed appropriately.

Essay about A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist...

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Views on Society There is a division between functionalists and Marxists over the functions of the society. Marxism was founded by Karl Marx. Marx saw society as divided into two major parts, the economic base otherwise known as the infrastructure and the super-structure. Functionalists see society as a set of parts which work together to form a whole. Functionalism is also called a consensus theory. Marxism and functionalism are similar in that they see that the way society is structured as an important part in determining the way people have relationships and behave between themselves. This is known as structural perspective. Both functionalists†¦show more content†¦The Marxist theory in contradiction challenges the general agreement and believes that society is based on conflict. The conflict theory shows that people are encouraged to be competitive. A Functionalist recognises conflict but sees it as minimal and a temporary disturbance yet a Marxist believes that the main source of conflict is social class, they see that upper class people are able to dominate society and societys institutions. A Functionalist believes that the individual is connected to the social system via their norms and values, this is known as value consensus. They believe that social institutions promote value consensus whereas a Marxist believes that social institutions promote ruling class ideology, where your position in society is deserved. A Marxist believes that the infrastructure shapes the rest of the society. They believe that a small privileged class owns the society and that the laws are made in the interest of the wealthy. This contrasts with the functionalist beliefs, they see society as a system and that all parts are inter-related, they see that the laws are made in the interest of everyone within the society. A Marxist believes that there are two classes, the Bourgeoisie who are the ruling class and the Proletariat who are the working class. Marxists say that the lifestyles of the Bourgeoisie have been paidShow MoreRelatedThe Functionalist Explanation of the Role of Education in Modern Society621 Words   |  3 PagesThe Functionalist Explanation of the Role of Education in Modern Society I will discuss the functionalists theories in comparison to those of the Marxist and Interactionists. Functionalists believe that all in society serves a purpose and its a positive function. They also believe that education is a way of achieving in society; it develops people so that it gives them the opportunities in society (workplace). Durkheim believed that in order for children to feelRead MoreA Comparison of the Functionalist View with the Marxist View Essay623 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of the Functionalist View with the Marxist View Sociologists may disagree in their interpretation of how society works. Some have focused on what keeps society together; others have focused on what divides society. Over the years the two major paradigms have dominated sociology these are functionalism and the conflict theory better know as Marxism. Both the Marxism view and the functionalist view have their own totally different point of view. HaralambosRead MoreThe Usefulness of the Analogy Between Society and a Biological Organism892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Analogy Between Society and a Biological Organism One set of sociologist that use the Biological or Organic analogy of societies are the Functionalists. Functionalism first emerged in Europe in the 19th Century. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim was the most influential of all the early functionalists. The theory became the dominant theoretical perspective in the 1940s and 1950. The functionalist theory is that within society there are many smallRead MoreCritically Evaluate the Marxist Perspsctive of the Family925 Words   |  4 PagesCritically evaluate the Marxist perspective of the family According to Marx’s perspective, family is seen as an obstruction to achieve the communist goals, as it is crucial to passing the established order such as cultural ideals on to the next generation. However, Marx was focused on social class rather than the role of family, it was his friend Engels trace the evolution of the family in â€Å"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State† (1884 , Zurich) In this context, this essay willRead MoreCompare the Functionalist and Marxist Views on Social Stratification1734 Words   |  7 Pagesrewards in society as members of different social groups. Four principles are identified which help explain why social stratification exists. First, social stratification is a characteristic of society and not merely of individuals. Second, social stratification is universal but variable. Third, it persists over generations and fourth, it is supported by patterns of belief. There are different sociological perspectives which have been put forward about social stratification; the Functionalists and theRead MoreCompare the Functionalist and Marxist Views on Social Stratification1740 Words   |  7 Pagesrewards in society as members of different social groups. Four principles are identified which help explain why social stratification exists. First, social stratification is a characteristic of society and not merely of individuals. Second, social stra tification is universal but variable. Third, it persists over generations and fourth, it is supported by patterns of belief. There are different sociological perspectives which have been put forward about social stratification; the Functionalists and theRead MoreGender Inequality According to Functionalist and Marxist Feminist Perspective900 Words   |  4 Pagesgender inequality. The functionalist perspective, by Talcott Parsons, believed that both men and women possess specific qualities that make them excellent at specific events, and these qualities are not interchangeable (Brym, 2014). The Marxist-Feminist perspective; however, viewed qualities for men and women as to being dependent on social conditions rather than being inherited (2014). In order to further illustrate the presence of gender inequality in the present society; the film MissrepresentationRead MoreFunctionalism and Marxism. A Critical Evaluation Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdisciplines. These social sciences attempted to explain the rapid and fundamental changes which were shattering traditional ways of life in Britain and Europe. Sociology emerged as one of these innovative areas and sought to analyse the nature of society and the complexities within it using collective theories and perspectives. The construction of a sociological perspective can best be illustrated by the application of several fundamental questions, the responses and explanations of which, produceRead More A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society1130 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have their own role to play (their own function), and work together smoothly in order to form a harmonious whole (macro). The metaphor often used to describe functionalism is that it views society as a body, with the different socialisation agents —government, media, religion, the family, etc., and, of courseRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 This essay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. They

Research In International Business Finance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Research In International Business Finance? Answer: Introduction: The impact of financial crisis is mainly evaluated in the overall assessment, where in depth problems that was faced by countries and companies during the financial crisis is adequately depicted. In addition,performance of the companies during the financial crisis is evaluated and its impact on developed and developing countries also appraised. The assessment also identifies possible causes for the rise of financial crisis during 2008. identifications eventually help understanding the problems and wrong decision taken by the government. Lastly, adequate measures that was taken by governments all the world are also depicted, which would help in understanding its impact on actual economies. The impact of financial crisis on the economic condition of Australia is also evaluated to understand the problems faced by companies during the crisis. Deliberating the causes, which led to the rise of financial crises: The financial crisis was mainly conducted due to the manipulation delivered by Financial Institutions and banks. There were many causes that led to the rise of financial crisis, as governments was not able to control risk accumulation by banks. Relevant causes depicted as follows, which result then the rise of financial crisis of 2008. Growing demand for subprime mortgages: After the regulations passed by US government regarding the fulfillment of American dream, where loans are provided to individuals for their home. In addition, the redline areas marked by banks were removed by the US government, which allowed them to take bank loans for the home. Additional financial institution such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was mainly introduced to convert mortgage and loans into mortgage bonds such as CDO and MBS. Many of these Financial Institutions was created to convert mortgage and loan into financial instruments, which could be traded in the secondary market. Due to the believe that mortgage market will never decline or fall (Allayannis et al. 2017). These instruments were handsomely traded all around the secondary market. However, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac used credit ratings to determine price of the bones, which were mainly manipulated and was found after the end of the financial crisis. These financial instruments directly allowed banks to accumulate more capital to continue with their operations and provide home loans to individuals. Boost in interest rates: Relevant boost in interest rates before the financial crisis was an immediate Trigger, which instigated borrowers to default, due to non-availability of funds for repayment. Majority of the borrowers were not financially sound, which resulted in high default rate of borrowers. Hence, it was assumed that borrowers were willing to default rather than pay installment on the loan due to high interest rates. The change in interest rates conducted by FED directly impacted the overall payment amount of the borrowers. During the loan providing us the interest rate laid down by fed was mainly at the levels of 1%, while before the financial crisis it was at 5.25%. This substantially increased finance cost of the borrowers, which was not comprehending with their actual income at the current moment (Amies et al. 2017). This phenomenon raised the level of defaulters in mortgage bonds, which became junk and hampered financial stability of companies holding the financial instrument. Converting mortgages into security funds: Major cause behind the fall of US economy was mainly led by security funds such as MBS and CDOs, which were complicated enough to fool the investors. The security funds formally created from mortgage bonds that was accumulated by banks for different borrowers. banks providing loan services and accumulated mortgages after which these mortgages were converted to financial instruments, where the securitization directly led to the augmentation of the financial crisis. Mortgage backed securities and credit default swaps other two instruments used in the process of converting mortgages into tradable bonds (Armantier et al. 2015). These financial instruments were the main factor in allowing Financial Institutions to create these instruments in secondary market. companies depending on Bon payments used the financial instruments to generate a constant return from the investment. However, incremental default read made the mortgage bonds in to junk bond, which were not traded in the secondary m arket. The cancelation of regulations conducted by US government: There were certain laws implemented by the US government before 2000, which directly controlled was taking capabilities of banks. The termination of regulations such as Glass Steagall Act of 1933 and Commodity Future Modernization Act mainly allowed Financial Institutions require more risk and reduce their cash reserve. Banks after the deregulation mainly accumulated high risk assets to providing loans to anybody who wants a home. This attitude directly increases the chances of default among borrowers, which hampered financial stability of the bank (Benetrix, Lane and Shambaugh 2015). However, the banks were merging the mortgage loans with one another and making them into financial instrument, which was highly traded in the secondary market. These fashion instruments were the main reason behind the fall of mortgage market, which laid the foundation of financial crisis. Noticing whether second occurrence of GFC can be conducted in future: After the 2008 great financial crisis there were minor setbacks or recession that are identified such as 2013 and 2016 recession. There is a major possibility for the occurrence of great financial crisis, as the measures taken by countries to reduce negative impact of financial crisis has back fight. Banks did not utilize the injection of taxpayers money adequately to support their financial requirements. Instant managers and executives of banks roughly stimulated taxpayers money in buying expensive gifts. This mainly prompted cash stagnation within the economy, which could be seen during 2013 recession (Carvalho, Ferreira and Matos 2015). However, the 2016 setback came due to the involvement of Greece who was at the brink of being a defaulter. The country being a default is a major indication of the financial health currently present in world economy. There are certain factors that are evaluated from news which could argument the chance of next financial crisis, authorities did not use adequate measures. Oil prices: Reducing oil prices can be identified as one of the major factors, which could start the second financial crisis, as oil generating countries are not able to improve their financial position. oil is one of the driving factors of an economy, which supports both manufacturing and production processes. This decline in oil prices indicates the overall reduction in demand from customers, which is hindering actual profitability of all generating companies. The oil sector is relatively large, where maximum of the profits generated by countries has immensely reduced (DeYoung et al. 2015). This reduced price is directly affecting oil producing countries ability to support their death payments, which could result in default and might start another financial crisis. Chinese economy: During the previous financial crisis, the Chinese economy was not affected due to its progressive attitude, which enable the country to experience growth in both manufacturing and production system. However, in recent years due to economic and environmental conditions the Chinese economy has slowed down, which is affecting its capital market (Feldkircher 2014). Therefore, it is estimated by and list that the second financial crisis with start from China, due to its declining manufacturing and production process. Rise in Debt by countries: Increment in debt can be seen in majority of the countries, due to the negative impact of financial crisis. Countries to support the expenditure mainly issued by high bearing bonds during the crisis, which they were not able to pay after the end of crisis. This relevant phenomenon can be identified from the actions of Greece which was conducted during 2016. Greece was on a blink of default, as their expenditure rose immensely in comparison to the revenue generated by the nation (Goh et al. 2015). This this could indicate that countries are acquiring more debt to support their expenditure, which is raising the amount of repayment that needs to be conducted. USA is one of the high debt accumulated country, any chance of decline in payments could start another financial crisis. Portraying the impact of GFC on Australia and other countries: The augmentation of financial crisis mainly reduced ability of major countries in supporting their expenditure. During the financial crisis overall economy of US trembled, which forced the institutional investors to abandon the capital market. The mass selling conducted during the financial crisis mainly hampered both Australian as well as other countries. Furthermore, the impact of financial crisis was not restricted to developed countries it also reached developing countries all around the world. Impact of the financial crisis on different economic stated as follows. Impact of financial crisis on developing countries: The developing countries mainly faced problems regarding mass selling that was conducted doing the financial crisis by foreign direct Investments. Developing countries capital market is mainly focused on the investments conducted by foreign investors. However, during the financial crisis foreign investors mainly sold all the shares in developing countries, which started off selling movement in the capital market. Thus, foreign investors mainly conducted selling to support their actual financial requirements during the crisis, as cash stagnation was present within the economy (Haas and Lelyveld 2014). This directly led to the fall of capital market in developing countries hampered growth and increased unemployment. Impact of financial crisis on developed countries: The global financial crisis also had in fact of developed countries, as their financial sector was interlinked due to the presence of free trade. Countries such as USA and UK frequently conducted financial agreements and trades on instruments such as CDOs and MBS. This relevant increment in financial crisis directly resulted in default which made these financial instruments junk. this directly affected the financial sector of developed countries who are dependent on the return that would be provided from mortgage bonds (Helleiner 2014). This directly led to the augmentation of cash stagnation within the financial sector hampered growth of developed countries. The panic during the financial crisis was enough to Trigger selling sphere in the market. Impact of financial crises on Australia: The financial crisis also impacted operational capability of Australia, which directly hampered its economy and decline in growth during the fiscal year. Mass selling and panic investors was the main face of financial crisis in Australia, which declined value of the capital market. the financial crisis had a negative impact on company is present in Australia, who were not able to support growth, due to cash stagnation in the economy. The Australian economy was drastically hit by the financial crisis, which increased unemployment rate and closed medium organizations (Kuppuswamy and Villalonga 2015). The financial crisis directly reduced ability of organizations to support their financial requirements, as adequate revenue was not generated. However, small and medium companies mainly felt the overall financial crisis due to the rise in their interest payments, which force them to default or liquidate. Depicting the proposed reforms used in controlling the financial crisis: The financial crisis was mainly dealt by implementing reforms by the government for halting its progress. Government took relevant measures all around the World for reducing the negative impact of financial crisis on their economy. Stimulus packages were mainly proposed by US government which was followed by other government all around the world. This stimulus package mainly held cash injections that was inserted into the marketing, which directly reduced cash stagnation within the economy (Luchtenberg and Vu 2015). Taxpayers money was mainly used in the stimulus package for supporting the banks to increase their cash reserve ratio. The second measure that was taken by the government was restriction on short selling, which was directly conducted to restrict further fall of capital market. This restriction on short selling mainly helped in curbing rapid decline of the capital market, which in turn helped in improving share value of financial sector. The use of credit control and Housing and Economic Recovery Act 2008 was used for reducing the negative impact of financial crisis (Pianeselli and Zaghini 2014). Conclusion: The impact of financial crisis and the reforms that was conducted by governments are depicted in the above assessment. the augmentation of the financial crisis was mainly due to no restrictions implemented on financial sector, which allowed Bank to increase the rate of risk involved in their investment. moreover, interest rates side by side before the financial crisis and during the financial crisis also lead to is augmentation. However,measures such as credit control, restriction on short selling, and housing and economic recovery Act 2008 mainly stop the continuity of financial crisis. nevertheless, there is still chance for another financial crisis in future, due to the current debt accumulation conducted by countries. References Allayannis, G., Allayannis, G., Allayannis, G. and Allayannis, G., 2017. The Financial Crisis of 20072009: The Road to Systemic Risk.Darden Business Publishing Cases, pp.1-16. Amies, B., Munford, L. and Sutton, M., 2017. OP63 The effects of the 20079 financial crisis on mental healthcare in the uk: a longitudinal analysis of non-suicide mental health trends. Armantier, O., Ghysels, E., Sarkar, A. and Shrader, J., 2015. Discount window stigma during the 20072008 financial crisis.Journal of Financial Economics,118(2), pp.317-335. Bntrix, A.S., Lane, P.R. and Shambaugh, J.C., 2015. International currency exposures, valuation effects and the global financial crisis.Journal of International Economics,96, pp.S98-S109. Carvalho, D., Ferreira, M.A. and Matos, P., 2015. Lending relationships and the effect of bank distress: evidence from the 20072009 financial crisis.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(6), pp.1165-1197. DeYoung, R., Gron, A., Torna, G. and Winton, A., 2015. Risk overhang and loan portfolio decisions: small business loan supply before and during the financial crisis.The Journal of Finance,70(6), pp.2451-2488. Feldkircher, M., 2014. The determinants of vulnerability to the global financial crisis 2008 to 2009: Credit growth and other sources of risk.Journal of international Money and Finance,43, pp.19-49. Goh, B.W., Li, D., Ng, J. and Yong, K.O., 2015. Market pricing of banks fair value assets reported under SFAS 157 since the 2008 financial crisis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,34(2), pp.129-145. Haas, R. and Lelyveld, I., 2014. Multinational banks and the global financial crisis: Weathering the perfect storm?.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(s1), pp.333-364. Helleiner, E., 2014.The status quo crisis: Global financial governance after the 2008 meltdown. Oxford University Press. Kuppuswamy, V. and Villalonga, B., 2015. Does diversification create value in the presence of external financing constraints? Evidence from the 20072009 financial crisis.Management Science,62(4), pp.905-923. Luchtenberg, K.F. and Vu, Q.V., 2015. The 2008 financial crisis: Stock market contagion and its determinants.Research in International Business and Finance,33, pp.178-203. Pianeselli, D. and Zaghini, A., 2014. The cost of firms debt financing and the global financial crisis.Finance Research Letters,11(2), pp.74-83. Reddy, K.S., Nangia, V.K. and Agrawal, R., 2014. The 20072008 global financial crisis, and cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A 26-nation exploratory study.Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies,6(3), pp.257-281. Vazquez, F. and Federico, P., 2015. Bank funding structures and risk: Evidence from the global financial crisis.Journal of banking finance,61, pp.1-14. Wang, L., 2014. Who moves East Asian stock markets? The role of the 20072009 global financial crisis.Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money,28, pp.182-203.

Tivo 2008 Strategic management

History and growth TiVo Company is an American corporation with a basic duty in the advertising and promotion services for its Tivo marked digital video recorder. TiVo mainly functions in the US and as well in New Zealand, Australia, Mexico, the UK, and Canada among other countries. Barton together with Ramsay established TiVo Inc. in 1997 as Teleworld Corporation. They were experts from digital video organisations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Tivo 2008: Strategic management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teleworld started the initial free tests of the TiVo tool and provision in 1998. Subsequent to the presentation at Consumer Electronics Show in early 1999, Mike Ramsay declared to the corporation that the initial edition of the TiVo digital recorder could embark in 1999, in spite of an approximated four months of operation left to complete the tool. Teleworld Corporation was changed to TiVo Inc. befor e 2000. TiVo Company had its initial public offering (IPO) in late 1999. The initial TiVo tool digitised and condensed analogue video from all bases. At the beginning of 2000, the TiVo Company joined hands with Thomson who was a producer as well as a newscaster with Sky Broadcasting to convey TiVo services in the United Kingdom. This joint venture brought about PVR10UK, which is a detached receiver that came into the market in late 2000. Before the close of 2000, the very first DirecTV receiver that incorporated TiVo DVR entered into the market, thus bringing about a novel gadget that was named DirecTiVo. This novel gadget hoarded digital signals received straight from DirectTV. Following reduced transactions, TiVo withdrew from the markets in the United Kingdom in early 2003. Formally, their production agreement ended; nevertheless, the withdrawal was more probably owing to the introduction of a DVR invention similar to the TiVo by Sky, which was the sole dispenser of TiVo in the U nited Kingdom. The DVR invention started by Sky was given the name Sky+ and was intensely advertised to their clients. This product by Sky is up to now dominant in the United Kingdom and the market currently has more than 6 million customers. In mid 2004, TiVo filed a case against EchoStar Company for copyright violation. EchoStar Company was producing DVR components. In 2011, the two companies were able to reach a consensus where EchoStar gave TiVo Company a fee for employing its expertise.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In mid 2005, expert media director, Tom Rogers, was taken up as the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and the chairman of TiVo Company. Tom, who was a member of the board of directors from 2003, succeeded Mike Ramsay (a co-founder of the company). In the course of the headship of Tom, TiVo was in a position to advance from a mere DVR producer into a full in-home televise, cable, as well as wideband media centre and a supporter of the conventional media industries with its novel promotion resolutions and TV capacity services. In 2006, the Tivo Company was the proud winner of an Emmy Award due to exceptional novelty and accomplishment in sophisticated media expertise. In late 2009, TiVo Company re-gained access in the United Kingdom markets through declaration of an association with a cable corporation in the country, Virgin Media. This association turned out to be the special supplier of Top Box software program in addition to consumer interface package for the next cohort TV platform for Virgin Media. In late 2010, there was a publicised affirmation by Virgin Media of the availability of their initial PVR operating TiVo software system, which is obtainable in even over 500GB designs. From 2012, Virgin Media boasts of more than 678,000 customers of TiVo in the United Kingdom markets (Hill and Jones 224). This aspect represents an inc rease of more than 243,000 when judged against the preceding quarter, equivalent to almost 20 per cent of the entire customer base of TVs by Virgin Media. In early 2010, Microsoft registered a case against TiVo Company for copyright violation. Nevertheless, the two corporations agreed to terminate the case in 2012. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths TiVo Company boasts of an incomparable reputation in addition to powerful brand name identification since even the expression â€Å"Tivoing† is now the applicable expression for DVR recording employed by clients despite the gadget being utilised. The TiVo interface is identified as the most customer-friendly and it encompasses the most developed attributes of the market in the present day. TiVo has established several licensing accords internally as well as externally with different corporations for the application of its expertise as well as services. TiVo has as well exclusive patents on its expertise and has currently managed to win significant legal wars initiated by its competitors (Hill and Jones 224).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Tivo 2008: Strategic management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, TiVo has all it takes to take its services to Asia, the United States, and Europe since the international market is an unexploited one leaving room for new advancement. Since a lot of DVR disk drives are produced in Asia, a lot needs to be done in the quest to decrease transport as well as production costs in the markets in Asia. Additionally, TiVo Company will significantly gain from the acquirement of smaller competitors since it will boost its operations. Weaknesses The products and services of the TiVo Company have proved to be more costly when judged against those of its competitors. The competitors of TiVo Company now supply DVR without any cost for the initial year of subscription, and sometimes at very chea p prices. The clients of TiVo Company are forced to buy a DVR and cater for a subscription charge for every month. The competitors of TiVo Company have a benefit since they can produce a gadget encompassing both the receiver and the coordination with low charges for the clients. This aspect has brought about a reduction of about two million subscriptions for the year 2012 as well as enormous losses in the annual financial statements. Court cases have as well had an impact on the profits of the company and have restricted new licensing accords with corporations that chose to wait for the results of the cases pertaining copyrights to prevent legal jumble. High-speed Internet in conjunction with new expertise has brought about optional grounds for clients to have an access to the media. Upcoming expertise has led to the upshot of new rivals generating additional difficulties in the operations of TiVo Company (Hill and Jones 226). Competitors keep on initiating new gadgets as well as so ftware that greatly affects the sales of TiVo Company as well as its reputation as the leading company internationally. External environment surrounding TiVo The external surroundings of TiVo present different concerns that could have significant influences in the strategic inclination of the company. The external influences to the company are explained below.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political/Legal With respect to the capacity to change the conveyed shows, there exists a lot of unresolved intellectual property. Moreover, there exist outstanding legal matters with the Internet, mostly with YouTube, presenting patented material devoid of the authorisation of the possessor (Hill and Jones 227). Copyright cases are presently proceeding in expertise with regard to copyright implementation and the way corporations are capable of disclosing them. In brief, the political as well as the legal environments around TiVo Company functions are normally in an instable mode and demands persistent checking and scrutinising. Economic The greater section of the globe is at a downturn thereby translating into minimal income to afford a lavishness gadget like a DVR. All the merchandise supplied by TiVo Company are classified as extravagance items since a DVR is not required to utilise or watch a TV, or have access to the materials in the Internet. As revealed, clients have to pay a minimum of 100 US dollars in the initial gadget and continue to pay a standard charge of 20 dollars for every month as the amount for subscription. When acquired via a cable supplier, the client is required to subscribe with about 3 dollars each month in addition to the price for acquiring the DVR. Even if the current economic estimates have affirmed that the economy of the United Kingdom is in a rising inclination, growth will be sluggish to average in the near future. Socio-cultural and Demographic The period of the rising population is approximately 45 years. In addition, this population is less technically knowledgeable when compared to cohorts below it. The largest user demographic of the merchandise of TiVo Company is aged between 25 and 45 years (Hill and Jones 228). TiVo particularly centres on those aged around 35 years when introducing new products and services. From the foundation of TiVo Company in 1999, the targeted population has turned out to be a very advanced exper tise user and has in turn compelled TiVo to raise the profundity and extent of expertise in their services and merchandise. Technological The application as well as comprehension of DVR is extensive all through the US and the United Kingdom. Some other nations are stuck in the introductory stages of the same. Expertise has made even the standard home setting computerised in a bid to imitate the necessary DVR practicality. In addition, the TV buy phase has shortened due to modernisations in expertise, kinds of offers, and quicker reductions in costs. The expertise presented in a separate TV component usually depicts practicality set in a computer (Hill and Jones 228). Porter’s Five Forces Influence of Buyers With the current availability of hardware and software, there has been swapping convenience for buyers. More suppliers of cable services offer the products and services like the ones offered by TiVo and at a better rate. This has generated severe rivalry. This has proved t hat buyers do not just go for high quality when it comes to better rates. Influence of suppliers Forward incorporation by manufacturers currently exists. There exists many suppliers in the marketplaces that are supplying hardware that is similar to the one offered by TiVo. Threats of entrants The ranges of operation of TiVo are two fold. These are namely: hardware and software operations. The enactment of the company on its copyrights has played a key role in keeping off the treats of new entrants with respect to hardware design and expertise. With regard to software, there are low capital demands thus making the threat of new entrant higher when judged against hardware. Nevertheless, TiVo has maintained its strength in the market and has retained a great market share. Threat of Substitutes The market has turned out to be very fragmented with competitors providing products that vary slightly with those of TiVo. Nevertheless, these products are taken to be similar by the buyers since they serve the same purpose. Force of competitive rivalry The saturation in the market has brought about high competition, which in return translates to reduced profits since suppliers demand cost effectiveness. The copyright lawsuits are sluggish and expensive ad has therefore led to creation of partnerships and alliances. Nevertheless, the expression â€Å"TiVo† has turned out to be changeable with DVR and thus the company has managed to retain competitive advantage. SWOT analysis The brand name for TiVo Company is internationally identified for excellence and novelty. Nevertheless, the setting of the industry has noticeably revolutionised in the recent past and the company encounters difficulties as it keeps on loosing clients, money, and market dominance. Fresh expertise has come up offering optional stages for accessing media through the Internet as well as competitors supplying products and services at extremely low prices comparing to the prices offered by TiVo Compan y (Hill and Jones 229-236). The SWOT analysis below underscores the strengths and weaknesses of TiVo Company and shows where to concentrate its precedence to guarantee financial achievement. Strengths Customer service Good brand image Product quality Versatile High client increase rates Joined forces with a lot of large reputable players for fast entry and growth in the United States and United Kingdom Several possible income streams Still capable of drawing fresh capital Weaknesses Financial support Monthly pricing plan Promotion Electronic trade High market development Market research statistics Replay is attracting most legal consideration Subsidised content Opportunities Distinctive attributes Interactivity Overdependence on partners Single suppliers for major product elements Threats DVD recorders imitate) Legal difficulties Legislative plan could limit opportunities Low barricades to entry (expertise is simple to ReplayTV Reputable players in long-established ma rkets are rooted and will execute defensive schemes to defend their market dominance (eroding traditional tactical fragment obstacles) UltimateTV VCR Numerous competitors – a lot of them are heavy weights Corporate-level strategy Currently, the vision of TiVo is â€Å"to be a leading provider of technology and services for advanced television solutions, including digital video recorders and in the future non-DVR set-top boxes and connected televisions.† Its mission is â€Å"to redefine home entertainment by providing consumers with an easy and intuitive way to record, watch, and control television and receive videos, pictures, and movies from cable, broadcast, and broadband sources.† With the varying customer tendencies, this statement is exceedingly constricted. In a bid to increase its information base and assist in changing its corporate-level strategy, TiVo Company should expand its mission and vision statements and increase the degree of skill of its board. The company has started pursuing this strategy by increasing its board members from 6 to 9. Additionally, the company is looking for and choosing board fellows from the software sector to assist in boosting its knowledge profoundly and make improvements. Board members that have prior experience are as well being hunted from hardware providers (such as Motorola) to help with incorporation (Hill and Jones 229). Moreover, it could be useful to hire a board member who has experience in promotion and particularly in the Asia Pacific area with knowledge in international growth into the upcoming markets. With TiVo Inc. starting the execution practice, the meetings of the board members will have to increase with greater frequency (for instance, after a fortnight) to undertake discussions in a bid to remain abreast of the execution progression and scrutinise competition more strongly. Visits being carried out by members of the board to various facilities and meeting workers in person will go a long way in enhancing a sense of worth and assurance all through the change and disruption period. Lastly, to generate a feeling of confidence, the company is seeking to augment its degree of transparency of management judgments and tactical trend. Business-level strategy For single-business companies like Tivo, their â€Å"business-level strategy is identical to corporate- level strategy† (Hill and Jones 216).The poor sales encountered by the company in 1999 became precious lesson to its promotion team. This encounter acted as the medium that generated the necessity for a novel communication approach by the company. Nevertheless, describing this novel promotion campaign was difficult, particularly subsequent to the response obtained concerning the products that illustrated issues like restricted responsiveness and difficult to communicate practicalities. The major objective of the novel promotion campaign is to choose a positioning policy that will quicken the acc eptance of TiVo and its products and services by customers (Hill and Jones 233). The promotion team could position the company as the excellent VCR that offers customers an exceptional television experience. The potential of the company surpasses the initiation of a novel product as it has the capacity to alter the routine of the way the people in the United Kingdom watch TV. As at this point, the company’s penetration has been tremendously restricted. Several customers do not know that it exists, and in this regard, the sales team is facing challenges in explaining the advantages of the products of the company. Furthermore, TiVo represented a fully new novel product that aimed at the enrichment of watching TV that was previously not in anybody’s list of priorities. In a bid to explain the benefits of TiVo’s products, the promotion team has taken into consideration application of dissimilar promotional sources for various reasons. Nevertheless, this move eradica tes the chances of delivering a constant message to every potential customer. In the absence of a constant message, there will be confusion amongst customers concerning what TiVo actually stands for. As TiVo advances, it is critical to enlarge its objectives past TV solutions to becoming the leading supplier of software expertise of optical media. This adjustment will translate into increases in customer consumption of media and assist in reflecting both a bigger market of potential as well as present customers (for instance, the ones who watch media just from computers in addition to other gadgets). In this regard, TiVo will permit for better understanding of TiVo’s increased dealings. For instance, TiVo offers the capacity to download pictures as well as other media into electronics. The present mission statement of TiVo fails to reveal such differentiation and is not extensive enough to include additional novelty. Any tactical aims referring to hardware or improvement ther eof will be erased and replaced with novel software invention (Hill and Jones 234). Finally, a proposed inclusion to the company’s business-level strategy could as well be to forge fresh tactical joint ventures. Tivo’s structure and management and the way they strengthen its strategy The value chain of the company recognises the unique mainstay effectiveness of sales and promotion, novelty, service, civilisation, and intellectual property protection. The critical roles of the value chain whether inward or outward logistics, in addition to roles are adequate. Nevertheless, the Department of Sales and Marketing (DSM) assumes the responsibility to form joint ventures and the effectiveness of the Marketing Department that are critical to TiVo. TiVo possesses a standard structure, by employing Broadcom as the only provider of the structure manager for the company’s DVR. TiVo does not presently have a lasting written provision accord with Broadcom. Additionally, the t wo lack a lasting provision accord with numerous other providers for major constituents in their value chain. In a bid to provide services associated with record administration, order accomplishment, and sales operations, Tivo relies fully on third parties (Hill and Jones 224). The failure to manage operations accurately in the company could bring about unwarranted risks to Tivo. The products of the company that have gained reputation include the original DVR provision with incomparable software, and their powerful image keeps on inspiring assurance in their merchandise. It is vital that promotion service keep on insisting on the company’s reputable icon. The support operations that are essential to TiVo include management, finance, and a powerful legal section that has been critical in defending the intellectual property of TiVo in the court cases. These court cases include the aforementioned one that TiVo had with EchoStar concerning patent infringement. The human resource management (HRM) of TiVo has been powerful in retaining a culture of novelty, upholding a research and development department that keeps on establishing additional attributes and practicality to the initial DVR expertise. A resource-anchored perspective of TiVo discloses concrete resources like sufficient money accounts and copyrights. The worker base of TiVo is strong, having a huge sum of experienced computer package experts as part of the personnel. The intangible assets of the company encompass a reputable brand name connected with recognition for excellence and service (Hill and Jones 234-236). TiVo bears a key organisational ability of a resilient kind, thus rejecting copyright violations while maintaining the support of every business operations. An assessment carried out in the company demonstrated that TiVo lacks a consistent competitive advantage. Nevertheless, with the termination of the court cases, TiVo will gradually attain a competitive advantage. Financial analysis R eturn on total assets (ROA) The ROA calculates the profit obtained on the deployment of assets. For TiVo, the ROA as at October 2006 is as follows: ROA= Net profit Total assets: ROA= $ 201,750 $ 28,244 ROA= 7 Liquidity Ratios The liquidity for TiVo is its capacity to satisfy short-term requirements. An asset is considered liquidity in case it can effortlessly be turned into cash. This case study looks into the current ratio for TiVo. Current ratio calculates the degree to which assets can be swiftly changed into cash to cover the claims of short-term creditors (Hill and Jones 227-232). Current ratio= Current assets Current liabilities: Current ratio= $117,427 $171,185 Current ratio= 1 Recommendations In a bid to retain a competitive advantage, get back market dominance, and expand its client base, TiVo has to establish new international markets, decrease expenditure on lawsuits, and obtain acquisition of smaller companies to boost its operations. TiVo must advance research and devel opment (RD) to maintain its international leadership status in software expertise, and create fresh internal ad external licensing accords for utilisation of its technology. TiVo should as well direct its corporate strategy on mainstay capability of software advancement to boost its technology TiVo should embark on promoting its brand and enlightening customers concerning the benefits of its products and services for additional development. In this regard, the company should hire trained personnel that can communicate in different languages to operate efficiently with organisations and clients across the globe. Responding to the inquiries of the clients using electronic mails and blogs could as well help in satisfying the requirements of customers. A decrease in the payment of the executives of the company is necessary as it could translate into decreased costs for the company’s products and services, which could lead to increased sales and thus motivate the employees in guar anteeing excellence. Works Cited Hill, Charles, and Gareth Jones. Theory of strategic management with cases, Stamford: South-Western Cengage learning, 2009. Print. This case study on Tivo 2008: Strategic management was written and submitted by user Desmond Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hetaira, the Greek Courtesans

Hetaira, the Greek Courtesans Hetaira- or  hetaera- is the ancient Greek word for a type of highly skilled prostitute or courtesan. The daughters and wives of Athenian citizens were sheltered from men and most serious education at least partly in order to assure their suitability as citizen wives. Adult female companionship at drinking parties (the famous symposium) could be supplied by a high priced prostitute- or hetaira. Such women might be accomplished musicians, rich, well-educated, and agreeable companions. Aspasia of Miletus Pericles- one of the most important leaders of his time- had a mistress named Aspasia of Miletus. Due to her status as a  foreigner, she may have been doomed to become a hetaira. At the time, those who were not native citizens of Athens were unable to marry Athenian citizens. Her life was likely the richer for it, however. Erotic Entertainers Other hetairai (hetairai is a plural form of hetaira) provided funds for civic improvements. According to an article from the Perseus Digital Library titled,  The Representation Of Prostitutes Versus Respectable Women On Ancient Greek Vases: These women were essentially sexual entertainers and often had artistic skills. Hetairai had physical beauty but also had intellectual training and possessed artistic talents; attributes that made them more entertaining companions to Athenian men at parties than their legitimate wives.- Perseus Digital Library Daughters of DemeteronHetaira According to Daughters of Demeter, women in Athens, though not trained in athletics, seem nevertheless to have had opportunities for sport and exercise. They go on to say  that the wealthy learned to read and gathered in private homes to share music and poetry.

General Belisarius - Byzantine Military Hero

General Belisarius - Byzantine Military Hero This profile of Belisarius is part ofWhos Who in Medieval History   Byzantine Military Hero Being the leading Byzantine general during the reign of Emperor Justinian I. He won significant battles against the Persians and Ostrogoths, suppressed the Nike Revolt, and served his emperor with unstinting loyalty. Occupations: Military Leader Places of Residence and Influence: Byzantium (The Eastern Roman Empire) Important Dates: Born: 505Takes back the city of Rome: Dec. 9, 536Died: March, 565 About Belisarius: Belisarius served in Justinians bodyguard and earned a command in his mid-twenties. After distinguishing himself in several battles against the Sasanian Empire, he returned to Constantinople, where he quashed the Nike Revolt. Next he scored notable victories against Germanic peoples in his quest to win back Italy for Justinian. His subsequent successes against the Ostrogoths were overshadowed by political difficulties. He fell out of favor with the emperor and only his wifes friendship with the empress saved him. His later years were spent in relative peace. Find out more about the generals life and achievements in your Guides Concise Biography of General Belisarius. Myths About Belisarius: A great deal of misinformation was generated about Belisarius centuries after his death. One notable story had him blinded by Justinian and wandering the streets as a beggar. There is absolutely no truth to these stories, but they have served as the basis for epic tales, novels and plays. More Belisarius Resources: Concise Biography of General BelisariusGeneral Belisarius on the Web BelisariusConcise overview at Infoplease.Gothic War: Byzantine Count Belisarius Retakes RomeComprehensive overview of the Byzantine generals attempt to retake the city of Rome from the Goths, by Erik Hildinger at Military History magazine, online at TheHistoryNet. ByzantiumMedieval WarfareMedieval Military Leaders QuizChronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2007-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/bwho/p/who_belisarius.htm

3800 complete 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3800 complete 4 - Assignment Example Payne was on his way to Omni and stopped by the highway 78 to wait for a cab. The witness reported that he saw Williams talk to a taxi driver before the two boarded the taxi. There was a station wagon parked on the opposite side of the road. Later, on 27th April 1981, the body of Jimmy Payne was discovered dumped in Chattahoochee River (Terrence, 2005). The medical investigations done on the body showed that the death of Payne resulted from asphyxia through an undetermined method. After lengthy investigations, the state showed evidence that there were seven fiber and hair associations between Payne and Williams. The violet acetate fibers removed from Payne resembled those on Williams’s bed. The green well-man fibers on Payne’s shorts resembled those on Williams’s carpet. The blue-green/blue-gray fibers removed from the victim resembled the rayon fibers in the carpet of the station wagon seen by the witness. The light-yellow fibers found on Payne’s body resembled those found on the defendants blanket in his bedroom. The blue acrylic fibers removed from Payne’s body were consistent with the fibers in the blue throw rug found in Williams’s bedroom. There was also evidence showing that some animal hairs removed on Payne were from Williams’s shepherd dog (Terrence, 2005). The state said that all the fibers presented were lighter that their original counterparts due to exposure to the river. For each murder victim, there were certain fibers that were removed from them and each had a connection with fibers found in the defendant’s house. In the case of Alfred Evans, there were four fiber and hair associations between the defendant and the victim. The fibers fund on Eric Middlebrook, who was aged 14, resembled those on Williams bed spread. The animal hairs found on Evans body were linked to Williams’s dog. Charles Stephen body, who was aged 12, also had fiber evidence that was linked to William. Government agents testified

Management of Technology3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of Technology3 - Essay Example It is worth noting that the two business processes get interlinked by IT. There are several BI systems that an organization can put in place. These include analyzing customers’ behavior, budgeting and financing as well as improving delivery and supply chain effectiveness. These BI systems can help an organization reduce the cost of production, improve performance and identify new markets within the economy. BI systems require an analysis that will best help the organization remain relevant in the market (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). They are, therefore, part of the plan of every organization that aims to excel in its field. An organization may offer an electronic feedback program to its customers as one of their electronic business programs. This program can help the organization identify the area that it ought to improve on in terms of its services (Laudon & Laudon, 2013). The program can also be used to rate the quality of the goods produced by the company. The organization can further use the electronic registration of goods bought by customers for those goods that require registration with the government upon buying. This can be used instead of buying goods and then going to register them somewhere

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Essay Example for Free

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Essay The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) celebrates its fortieth anniversary this year. During four decades, the organization has been the focal point within the United Nations for the integrated treatment of trade and development and related issues in the areas of investment, finance, technology, enterprise development and sustainable development. Established in 1964, UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development. The organization works to fulfill this mandate by carrying out three key functions: * It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations, supported by discussions with experts and exchanges of experience, aimed at consensus building. * It undertakes research, policy analysis and data collection for the debates of government representatives and experts. * It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing countries, with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and of economies in transition. When appropriate, UNCTAD cooperates with other organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance. The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was held in Geneva in 1964. Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the need to address them, the conference was institutionalized to meet every four years, with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support. Nowadays UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related areas. In particular, UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries, so as to ensure development gains and poverty reduction. This is captured in the theme of the UNCTAD XI Ministerial Conference, Enhancing coherence between national development strategies and global economic processes towards economic growth and development, particularly of developing countries. Main activities * Trade and commodities: Promotes the diversification of production and trade structures. Helps Governments to formulate and implement diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business strategies and become more competitive in the world market. * Investment, technology and enterprise development: Helps developing countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. These arrangements include the organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the preparation of a series of issues papers. * Macroeconomic policies, debt and development financing: Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic interdependence, the international monetary and financial system, and macroeconomic and development policy challenges. * Transport, customs and information technology: Integrated customs system that speeds up customs clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their customs procedures and management. Installed in over 80 countries. * Special Programme for Least Developed, Landlocked Developing and Small Island Developing Countries : Identifies the specific needs of these particularly vulnerable countries and tailors technical assistance to these needs. Relationship with other international organizations World Trade Organization UNCTAD and WTO have been joining forces to ensure a better functioning of the multilateral trading system. In April 2003, the organizations signed a Memorandum of Understanding providing for cooperation and consultations on their technical assistance activities and for the conduct of joint studies on selected issues. UNCTAD and WTO interact frequently, and the intergovernmental processes in both organizations are often attended by the same Government representatives. International Trade Centre The ITC is jointly sponsored by UNCTAD and WTO for operational, enterprise-oriented aspects of trade development, with an emphasis on trade promotion. In contrast to UNCTAD, whose technical assistance is primarily tailored to Governments, ITC’s technical assistance focuses on assisting businesses in developing countries. Both UNCTAD and WTO are represented in the Joint Advisory Group supervising ITC’s work, and UNCTAD has a number of joint technical assistance activities with ITC.

Changing Role of Women in Archie Comics Essay -- Changing Gender Norms

Plan of Investigation The purpose of the essay is to answer the question: How has Archie Comics reflected changing gender norms in the United States of America from World War II to the present of women in contemporary American society, in its eventual challenge of the position of men as the dominant sex, and in its inclusion of previously marginalized sexual orientations? As entertainment primarily targeted to middle-class America, Archie is a helpful avenue by which to understand acceptable views. This paper will present gender roles portrayed in Archie Comics in three different time frames: the Forties, the Sixties, and the new millennium. It will analyze the establishment of traditional gender roles set forth in the earliest Archie Comic strips. Next it will critique the ways in which it responded to the challenges to these traditional norms and assess whether the comic incorporated these challenges or rebuffed them. Finally, this paper will evaluate the role of modern-day Archie Comics as a vanguard i n the new discussion of gender roles and sexual orientation in America. For the purpose of analysis, issues of Archie representative of the era will be examined in conjunction with larger historical developments. These include: the sexual revolution of the 1960s, the post-feminist world following the 1970s, and the rise of LGBT acceptance. Often changes in social norms move at a glacial pace. Particularly difficult in assessing social norms is the definition of what is normative to begin with. For that reason, most historians will look at what artifacts and documents signify popular culture. While these artifacts and documents may reveal what norms existed at a given time, tracking changes in norms relies upon the existence o... ...ItemClick=true&searchText=helen&searchText=mayer&searchText=hacker&searchText=WOMEN&searchText=AS&searchText=A&searchText=MINORITY&searchText=GROUP&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhelen%2Bmayer%2Bhacker%2BWOMEN%2BAS%2BA%2BMINORITY%2BGROUP%26amp%3Bprq%3Dhelen%2Bmayer%2Bhacker%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bracc%3Doff. Paul Kupperberg. â€Å"Life With Archie #16.† In Archie The Married Life, 3:23–24, 2012. ———. â€Å"Life With Archie #20.† In Archie The Married Life, 4:20, 2012. ———. â€Å"Life With Archie #22.† In Archie The Married Life, 4:9, 2012. ———. â€Å"Life With Archie #23.† In Archie The Married Life, 4:20, 2012. Universe, Funding. â€Å"Archie Comics Publications, Inc. History.† History Of Archie Comics, n.d. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/archie-comics-publications-inc-history/. â€Æ'

Nutrition/Diet Therapy Project

Health is an important aspect for the people as this manifests as the foundation of their lives and welfare. Ideally, good health can be maintained through adhering to a strict discipline and a physically nurturing lifestyle. Having proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise and avoidance from vices can lead to a healthy personal development bringing forth longer with a pleasant condition. Among the three approaches to a healthy living, the aspect of diet and nutrition commonly manifests as the most influential factor as this can significantly affect the general development of the physical body. Healthy body condition can be maintained through adhering through a proper diet even the prevention and resistance to many health ailments such as heart diseases. Indeed, heart diseases are serious problems which must be given sufficient attention as they are mostly life-threatening. One common approach for reducing treatment ad prevention of heart diseases is adhering to a proper diet and nutrition therapy. Nutrition is mainly taken through eating and drinking. The body extracts the needed vitamins and minerals from the food and water taken in to properly maintain the basic processes vital for a healthy living. In the aspect of treating or preventing heart diseases, the value of the foods taken in terms of vitamins and minerals play much significance. Naturally, the origin of heart disease also has other factors such as hereditary as determined from the history of the family lineage. For cases wherein a person indeed has history of heart disease cases running down his or her family, the value of the dietary nutrition can have preventive effects to the probability of the development of heart ailments for the said individual. To further elaborate the significance of the said health recommendation, an actual study health study will be implemented wherein the author of this paper will establish a personal dietary recommendation in relation to his health information. As this author has determined, a significance percentage of heart disease has to be considered, as the problem is present in the family history. As gathered through intrinsic research, the risk factor is associated with the case of the subject’s father dying from a heart attack, which is likely due to high cholesterol level similar to the case of the subject’s grandfather. Considering the present health status of the subject, there is still no sign of heart disease symptoms and the cholesterol is still regular within the normal level. From these informations, it can be ruled that heart disease in terms of hereditary and congenital nature however, a consideration for precaution is still necessary. Thus, this dietary recommendation project will be significantly focused on the development of preventive approach and maintenance of healthy condition. In preventing heart disease ailments, it is important to consider the nutritional value of the diet being taken by the subject. In this project, three particular diet elements are highly recommended namely: emphasize on fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products inclusion of lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts on the regular diet and reduction in saturated fats, cholesterol, sodium and, added sugars. A strict adhesion to these three diet factors is important in the aspect of preventing health ailments as their nutritional benefits are incremental thus aiding the proper development of the body. The health values gain from this diet works mainly in two ways namely first through promoting the development of the body’s health and natural defenses, and second through reducing the likely diet causes of heart problems. It must be noted that cases of high cholesterol level are present in the family background and the likely contributor to the development of the heart problem of the subject’s father, thus, it must this diet recommendation project wishes to emphasize the elimination of this factor. This health diet project has also considered the said factor through eliminating the food sources of cholesterol. Reduction of cholesterol is addressed through eliminating saturated fats on the diet and focusing more on fruits, vegetables, grains, wheat, and other. Indeed, this diet recommendation eliminates the risk factor determined from family history and promotes the development of a healthy lifestyle for the subject. To better realize the effect of the recommendations of the mentioned diet project, it is also important to adhere to a healthy lifestyle particularly regular exercise and sufficient rest. In this project, an emphasis on cardiovascular exercises on a regular basis is recommended namely the basic jogging, simple stretching, and brisk walking. This form of exercises develops the capacity and healthy condition of the circulatory system particularly the heart, lung, and blood vessels. In addition, these exercises also promote proper waste removal from the body through perspiration and the maintenance of the cholesterol level. These exercises must be done at maximum of thrice a week for maintenance purposes. As additional recommendations, exercise done with mechanical assistance such as treadmill and tension bikes is also recommended but not necessary as these will require additional expense for the project. Having sufficient rest periods is also important in this health project. Insufficient rest can reduce the capacity and health of the muscles in the body and this effect has detrimental consequences mainly on the heart organ. Thus, to maintain the benefits from the food recommendations and exercise, proper rest periods ranging within 8 to 10 hours must also be given consideration. In general, this diet recommendation project is not solely focused on heart diseases as the benefits in this program can also address other health problems. It is a general emphasis on this program to develop a strong and healthy body for its subject through maintaining a proper healthy lifestyle. By adhering to a nutritious and healthy diet, a regular exercise, and adequate sleep program, the subject can easily improve his or her physical well-being and natural defenses, enabling the subject to prevent numerous health problems particularly heart diseases. Indeed, in the approach of preventing health problems, the primary approach for this aspect is to develop a strong body through a healthy lifestyle throughout his or her life. Bibliography Lee, Dennis & Stoppler, Melissa Conrad (2007). Disease Prevention Through Diet and Nutrition. MedicineNet, Inc. http://www.medicinenet.com/prevention/article.htm. September 7, 2007. Medical Update (1993). Take heart – and save it, too! (preventing heart disease with healthy diet). Benjamin Franklin Literary & Medical Society, Inc. Vol 17, Page 2. Mirkin, Gabe (2003).The Healthy Heart Miracle: Your Roadmap to Lifelong Health. Collins Publication. 1st Edition. ISBN-10: 0060196807

Reflective Account †Communication Essay

Whilst on shift one day I needed to ask my key resident Mr H what clothes he wanted to wear for that day. Mr H is very hard of hearing but refuses to wear a hearing aid as he states they make his ears sore. Mr H has no speech difficulties. Before I proceed with Mr H’s care I check his care plan where it is documented how he likes to be communicated with. Any changes to Mr H’s communication ability should be reported and documented straight onto a daily diary sheet and into his careplan where other staff members are able to see the changes noted. I then knock loudly on Mr H’s door so that he is aware of my prescence and await his reply, he called for me to ‘come in’. On entering the room I proceed to where Mr H is sitting on the side of his bed. I kneel close to him and make eye contact, I begin speaking to him slightly louder than I normally would talk, slowly and clearly ensuring I don’t imput too much information into my sentences that will make it difficult for Mr H to follow. I begin by saying ‘Good Morning’ to which Mr H replies the same clearly confirming he had heard me. I then ask him if he slept well to which he replied he had again confirming he had heard me. I then asked Mr H if he is ready to get washed and dressed, he didnt appear to hear me with no verbal response he tilted his head to the side and tapped his ear. This indicated to me that he had not heard what I had said. I gently put my hand on his to give him some reassurance and proceeded to repeat the question a little slower. Mr H nodded and smiled and verbally answered ‘yes’. Next I asked Mr H what clothing he would like to wear that day, to assist me in doing this I indicated to Mr H with my hands pointing to my eyes to watch what I was doing. I went over to his wardrobe and opened it and took out a selection of shirts and held them up for Mr H to see. he chose which he would like to wear by pointing at the shirt and verbally confirming the colour he had chosen, I repeated this process with both his trousers and sweatshirt. Mr H appeared happy with the way I was communicating with him as he smiled and nodded at me. I could tell if Mr H had understood or heard me correctly by his verbal responses and his facial expressions. Whilst communicating with Mr H I reviewed his hearing ability by making a mental note of the times he hadn’t heard me correctly and compared this with the previous day, at present Mr H’s hearing ability doesn’t appear to have changed, I recorded this in the communication section of Mr H’s care plan where others could see there were no changes at present. A short while later the nurse visited Mr H, to help support Mr H I privately, to ensure no breech of cofidentiality was broken, explained to the nurse the difficulties Mr H had with his hearing and explained to her the ways in which I communicate with Mr H in accordance to Mr H’s preferences documented in his care plan. They both appreciated this as there were no misunderstandings and they both fely more at ease with eachother. I then indicated to Mr H that I would leave them in private by pointing to the door and waving, Mr H nodded his understanding and waved back.

Essay about case study

Essay about case study Essay about case study Principles Of Health and Social Care Unit 2 Contents page: 1. Introduction 2. Task two (2.1, 2.2 & 2.3) 3. Task three (3.1, 3.2 & 3.3) 4. Task four (4.1, 4.2 & 4.3) 1. Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to ensure that values and principles that support health and social care settings are being understood. Also understanding of policy, codes of practice, regulation and legislation impact on health sector, theories in health care practice and how to develop and implement organizational policy. 2. Case study: â€Å"In our care home, some time ago a program has been implemented, in a hope that service users with an early stage of mental illnesses can live an independent life at their home. The program uses a small electronic device which can be attached to a cloth item, and gives the freedom to its wearer to walk out between 11 am and 8 pm. In case that a service user wearing this tag get missing, he can be tracked by satellite and never get lost. Such is the case to Mr. M, a 65 year pensioner, well fit and a sociable person who is suffering from an early stage of dementia, and lives with his daughter who is his protector. His daughter is happy to know that with a tag attached, his father can live an independent life, but despite her efforts, Mr. M forgets his tag and very often, he is found outside wondering without his tag. As a result, our care home suggests that Mr. M may need full care supervision. However, Mr. M doesn’t want to feel like a hostage in his own home. † Care workers have to consider, follow and implement theories, policies, procedures and legislations in order to deliver the best service in care system. Every care setting has a Code of Practice who includes employers’ responsibilities and requires care workers adherence to their code, supporting social workers to understand and implement their code and taking actions when care workers do not comply with the care home code. As a care worker, implementing and following the procedures, policies and legislations within my care home, it is a must in order to deliver a good care. Bearing in mind person-centred approach, a therapy developed by psychologist Dr .Carl Rogers, which is based on focusing on the person you care for, his rights, desires, needs and goals, means that Mr. M may be above priorities in our care home. In Mr. M case, his desire is to stay home with his daughter, where he feels more independently, and he does not want to wear his tag just because he feel his spending time outside is too short, since he likes going to cinema in evenings, and his outside time does not allow him to stay too late. Therefore, in my report, I write Mr. M wishes and present his case to my manager. Since he doesn’t represent a danger to Essay about case study Essay about case study 1. Pantone’s color-management systems can definitely be used for regular consumers. The creation of the smart phone has opened many doors for different companies to expand into the consumer market; with Pantones I-phone and android apps you can Isolate and identify any colors within a picture. Another way Pantone is reaching into the consumer market is not in this article but is a system my wife uses on a regular basis, it is color matching of paints for houses and furniture, pantone has created an app with the ability to build color palettes you can take with you anywhere and even share them through the app. 2. For many years, the Pantone Matching System has served as the standard in color matching and identification, with 1,114 solid, codified Pantone colors. There is definitely a derived demand for Pantones color management system. Many businesses use the system to help produce consumer products. Pantone also does a very good job at forecasting popular colors for each upcoming fashion season. 3. Pantone management Systems is definitely operating a service type business. They provide a very specific service to their customers, by offering there color formulas, palettes, as well as providing consulting services for businesses and giving advice in color palettes and how to use color. The article I chose to read for this week’s assignment was â€Å"Ethics in Social Network Marketing† by David Skul. In the article David talks about how unethical no-targeted spam marketing has really backfired for retailers. He mentions that when marketing through social networks you are joining a community, and with any community business does have its place but does not have the right to invade people’s privacy. You must also become a part of that community, get involved in groups, contribute, communicate and make friends that are interested in what you have to sell. There are many opportunities when marketing through social networks such as Facebook and Myspace. Do not overdue your ads to mislead or lure visitors, also do not criticize competitors’ products, simply point out

Definition and Examples of Complement Clauses

Definition and Examples of Complement Clauses In English grammar, a complement clause is a  subordinate clause that serves to complete the meaning of a noun or verb in a sentence. Also known as a complement phrase (abbreviated as CP). Complement clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions (also known as complementizers) and contain the typical elements of clauses: a verb (always), a subject (usually), and direct and indirect objects (sometimes). Observations and Examples A  complement clause is  a clause which is used as the complement of some other word (typically as the complement of a verb, adjective or noun). Thus, in a sentence such as He never expected that she would come, the clause that she would come serves as the complement of the verb expected, and so is a complement clause.(Andrew Radford,  Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1997)Complement Clauses as Noun ClausesComplement clauses can be that-clauses, wh-clauses, ing-clauses or infinitive clauses. The most common type is a complement clause following a verb. . . . In versions of grammar that use the concept of complement clause, it largely or entirely replaces the concept of nominal clause (or noun clause) referring to a clause that can occur in positions where noun phrases occur. For example, in Id like to carry on, the infinitive complement clause is the object of the main clause, filling a position where a noun phrase could occur.(Geoffrey N. Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh University Press, 2006) Types of Complement ClausesRecently, linguists working in the influential theory known as generative grammar have used the term complement to refer to variously closely related kinds of subordinate clause, namely:Subordinate clauses which on their own serve as the direct object of verbs such as believe, tell, say, know, and understand; the subordinate clauses are the complements of these verbs.Subordinate clauses which modify various nouns such as story, rumour,  and fact, and adjectives such as proud, happy, and sad; the subordinate clauses are the complements of these nouns and adjectives.Subordinate clauses which on their own act as the subject of sentences with such predicates as be a pity, be a nuisance, be unfortunate, seem, and happen. These clauses are called subject complements or subject complement clauses.. . . Sometimes the term complement clause is extended to the adverbial type of subordinate clause as well.(James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge Unive rsity Press, 1994) Examples- You may call me Bob. From now on, I am Bob. I can assure you that Bob is quite proficient at electronic data manipulation. Without question one of the worlds finest.(Ted Dekker, Heavens Wager. WestBow Press, 2000)- Imagine that Frank is a fan of his towns soccer club. He always wears the same shirt when he watches his club play. He believes that they will win if he puts on the shirt at just the right time before the game starts.(Joshua James Kassner,  Rwanda and the Moral Obligation of Humanitarian Intervention. Edinburgh University Press, 2013)- She said she was approaching 40, and I couldnt help wondering from what direction.(Bob Hope)- The fact that the adult American Negro female emerges a formidable character is often met with amazement, distaste and even belligerence.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969)

Sport and Leisure Management - Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sport and Leisure Management - Portfolio - Essay Example Once that was done we had to pick the day for the event, and we picked Friday 13th March. This is because it was the same day as Comic relief our chosen charity. I would like to thank The Student Union (SU) for providing the  £150 for the event to take place and also for providing us with the prizes hanks to the SU for the free prizes they had provided us with which was T-Shirts for the winners. My allocated weightings were the same for Thomas Rose, Brandon, Liam, Daniel Dinnen and myself. The allocation reflects the fact that everyone had the same involvement on the event day and everyone contributed equally. This was either getting the teams, prizes, refereeing or filling in scores. Unfortunately, one member did not turn up till near the end and didn’t really contribute to the event of the day. This is why I equally distributed everyone else the same weighting. Although Dan did not get the teams he was supposed to, he was there and still helped on the Event Day. My contribution was to fill in the scores at the end of the games and get two teams to play which was more than anyone else. Brandon was on the laptop taking results and ensuring that everything was in place while Tom and Liam refereed. Dan also referred in a few games. Ten teams were needed to break even the  £150 that would be used to hire the pitches. This was not possible since we had only six teams which would not have catered for the break even costs and it meant making a loss. With the turn of events we were, we had to pay the remaining amount from our pockets to supplement the deficit. Sale of raffles did not take place as we had planned and this meant more reduction of the projected profits. Our initial target of minimum eight teams was not possible since teams were pulling out of the tournament, though this was our fault for not gathering money beforehand to prevent them from withdrawing. Brandon Bryan, Tom Rose, Liam

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Strategic Management - Essay Example The scope of the report is centered on analyzing the external and internal conditions of the organization. This gives details of the position of the organization in the industry in which it operates in. The internal analysis provides essential factors that are necessary for Fortescue’s growth as an organization in both the short run and the long run. On the other hand, the external analysis is based on three major fronts which include competitor environment, industry environment and general environment. The sources of information used to gather data for the report are quite reliable and sufficient. The SWOT Analysis Between Myth and Reality, is a journal that has widely been used to explain the internal analysis of the organization that helps reveal various factors that the organization has put into consideration as far as strategy is concerned. Another major source that has been used is Contemporary Strategic Management to explain the strategic approaches that the organizatio n uses. However, these sources had various limitations. Some of the sources were not easily available and some of the website sources are subject to change due to updates. However, the report was able to deduce substantial findings from the sources. The external analysis, such as the political element, is influenced by which policies the government employs. The strategies that the Fortescue tries to engage are adjusted to fit the changes that occur in the external environment. On the other hand, the organization has complete control of the internal factors, such as its strength, and can always manipulate it in order to remain competitive in the market. There are various recommendations that have been made by the report. As a start-up business, Fortescue should always be on the look out of the opportunities that are available for it in both the external and internal environment. They should utilize every possible opportunity in order to increase its competitiveness in the

Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research - Essay Example The primary advantage of using internet as a means to reach target audience is that it is widely accessible; it is very quick in registering responses; it can catch response from a large number of audiences and last but not the least it has reduced the cost of carrying out research (Sekaran, 2006). These primary benefits of using internet as a tool for carrying out research are augmented by facts like: internet has inculcated in small and medium enterprises the habit of conducting or reverting to research when encountering an operational issue; internet has allowed students at various levels to extract information from previous researches and use that information in their own assignments; internet has also allowed researchers to seek responses from individuals who were reluctant to participate in focused group survey. Like these benefits there are other benefits as well of using internet as a means to conduct a research and gather responses. Internet technology has made it possible f or researchers to reach geographically dispersed respondents. It has supporting technologies like video conferencing and instant chant rooms which allows researchers of a field to gather at a place simultaneously, without incurring any cost. This type of research is carried out by means of group ware technology and this method is known as Delphi method. Internet has freed sponsored respondents from the tedious process of registering their responses to the posted mail, containing the questionnaire. Now they simply can go online to fill out the questionnaire in a hassle free manner. However, as mentioned earlier there are some negative aspects of internet, encountered when conducting quantitative or qualitative researches. The most troubling negative aspect of internet research is that it is totally callous when it comes to respecting respondents’ private time, when they do not feel like answering to research question. This is not the only facet of this issue; sometimes online research agencies send questionnaires to respondents without their consent to participate in this research, which leads to respondent’s annoyance. If this scenario is removed from the picture, even then there are a number of problems which can come up, for instance the online questionnaire might not open on the browser used by the respondents. This further leads to respondent’s agitation. Other problems with this form of surveys is that there are chances that the expected respondents of this survey do not fill these questionnaires, while respondents who are not fit to form the sample population of the survey might go on to fill in these form leading to corrupt data being collected and presented during the research findings. The research findings based on this malign data will not be authentic and if published will lead to a spread of knowledge that is wrong. And if by chance this finding gets implemented that it may result in heavy losses for the party implementing it (Nancarrow, Pallister and Brace, 2001). Other issues of conducting research over the internet are that sometimes customers might feel agitated by a questionnaire in their inbox, they might think of it as an invasion to their privacy or as something having a malign content in it that might threaten the integrity of their personal computer. Also there are strict guidelines set by major research agencies and associations as to what questions can be asked from a particular

Dyes and Additives Harmful Effects

Dyes and Additives Harmful Effects Bella Zavlanova DO FOOD ADDITIVES/ DYES CAUSE  HARM TO CONSUMERS? The objective of this paper is to find out if dyes and additives such as red 40, yellow 5, yellow 6 and blue 2, which are added to foods, drugs, and cosmetics, are harmful to the consumers? Do we really believe these dyes or additives can cause cancer or other more severe conditions? Dyes were used in ancient times and then how artificial colors were first discovered. Next, would be about the consequences of consuming foods with these dyes. Then comes the question about what countries have banned artificial coloring and why doesn’t the US government do the same? Afterwards, how can the intake of these harmful dyes be lowered? This research will aim to show what will happen when consuming these foods; and a guide on how to consume foods without harmful dyes properly succeeds and develops a better and healthier life. HISTORY OF DYES In ancient times naturally colored additives were produced using vegetable, mineral, and other natural substances were used to dye foods, drugs, and make-up.Some examples of natural sources such as are paprika and turmeric are used as food dyes. Other sources include lead oxides and iron which both are used t make shades of red. Iron is also used to make colors like dark grey, bright yellow, and deep purple. Another natural source is saffron that ranges color from yellow to orange and lastly and even copper sulfate can be used to make blue colors. Sir Henry William Perkin was attempting to form an anti-malarial drug in 1856; instead he discovered the first synthetic color called mauve. From his accidental discovery a new color industry was born with an uncountable amount of new colors such as magenta, fuchsia, violet and so many others have followed. These new artificial dyes were quickly take on by food industries as they were inexpensive and more of a stable way for coloring foods.Dyes where first created from coal and tar which gave it its first name as Coal-tar colors. (U.S. Food, 2003). There are three categories for Color additives the first is straight colors. Color additives that has not been mixed or chemically reacted with any other ingredients are called straight colors. An example of a straight color is FDC Blue No1 or Blue 1. The second category is chemicals reacting to straight colors with substrata which are called lakes; Blue 1 Lake is one example. Lastly, the third category is mixtures. Which is a color additive created without a chemical reaction by combining multiple color additive or non-colored diluents. Food inks used to mark confectionery are examples of a mixture. (U.S.Food, 2003). PURPOSE OF COLORING Anything that is a dye, coloring, or other material that can transform the color of a food, drug, cosmetics, clothing, or to the human body is considered a color additive. Like now, colors were used to serve as a visual sign for quality, to make it more eye catching to the buyers and so that it meets consumer expectations of the product. These color allow us to identify products like sweets; serving as a kind of code (U.S. Food, 2003). People associate certain colors with certain flavors, and the color of food can affect the observed flavor in everything from candy to wine. Occasionally the aim is to mimic a color that is alleged by the buyer as natural, for example adding the red color to glacà © cherries which would have been beige. Or sometimes it is used for effect, like making ketchup green. Dyes are used in foods for countless reasons, to replacing color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, storage conditions and moisture. Correcting natural discrepancies in color and enhancing naturally occurring colors. It also provides color to colorless and fun foods and makes food more attractive and appetizing, and informative. In addition, products like fruit flavored candy or medicine dosages can be recognized by the consumers on sight. When foods are treated, essential nutrients and fibers are not only removed, but also the textures and natural variation and flavors are also lost. What’s left after processing is a bland, boring pseudo-food that would not be appealing to anyone (U.S. Food, 2013). Therefore, the nutrients, flavor, color and even the texture that were lost during the process in order to make them edible are add back in the product by manufacturers. That is why they turn out to be overburdened with food additives. Most frequently, additives are incorporated to slow spoilage, stop fats and oils from going rotten, inhibit fruit from turning brown, fortify or enrich the food with man-made vitamins and minerals to supplant the natural ones that were lost during processing, and improve taste, appearance and texture. CONSEQUENCES OF CONSUMING FOODS WITH DYES The Washington Post has stated that beyond the cancer risks and behavioral problems, the greatest hazard that dyes pose for children may also be the most obvious. They distract kids taking them away from nutritious foods and leading them towards brightly colored processed products that are high in calories but low in nutrients, such as fruit-flavored drinks and snack foods. Those types of foods are one of the major harms that are leading to a widespread of obesity in America. (Dark side, 2011). The most popular dyes used in the United States are yellow 5, Red 40, yellow 6 and blue 2. Study has shown that these colorful additives can cause behavioral problems as well as cancer, birth defects and other health problems in laboratory animals. Allergy-like hypersensitivity reactions in children are suspected to be caused by yellow 6 and Red 40. The Center for Science in the Public Interest reports that some dyes are also contaminated with known carcinogens. Below is a list of the food dyes most commonly used today and what they can cause to whoever consumes products that contain them. It is to be kept in mind that most studies were found inconclusive by the FDA. CSPI also lists that most of the food dyes contain Benzedrine and 4-Aminobiphenyl. Benzedrine is a man-made chemical that causes skin allergies, cancer of the urinary bladder. Some data acclaims that other organs, such as the stomach, kidney, brain, mouth, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreas, may also be affected. Most of these discoveries were only tested on lab animals like mice dogs and rats. SUMMARY OF STUDIES ON FOOD DYES Food dye WHERE IT IS FOUND? Allergic reactions Carcinogenic contaminants Tests for cancer* Other** Mouse Rat Blue 1 (Brilliant Blue) Baked goods, beverages, dessert powders, candies, cereal, drugs, and other products. Yes No in utero studies. One abstract (study not published) Reported kidney tumors. No tumors in the only good study. Test tube study found inhibition of nerve-cell development. Radioactivity in the urine Blue 2 (Indigo Carmine) Color beverages, candies, pet food, other food and drugs. Both studies were too brief and did Not include in utero exposure. Dosage was likely too low; possible Brain and bladder tumors. Cell neoplasms in the urinary bladder Citrus Red 2 (used only on peels of some oranges at 2 ppm) Is permitted only for coloring the skins of oranges not used for processing Bladder and other tumors Bladder and teste tumors Increased fatty metamorphosis, and significant weight gain in females, hyperplasia, and thickening of urinary bladder wall causing papilloma Green 3 (Fast Green) Drugs, skin care products, cosmetic products except in eye area, candies, beverages, ice cream, sorbet; ingested drugs, lipsticks, and externally applied cosmetics. The only study did not include in utero exposure. Possible bladder and other tumors Tests on dogs proved raise in pup mortality, testes tumors, liver neoplastic nodules, urinary neoplasms, and studies found that most males were affected. Orange B (in 1978 FDA proposed, but never finalized, a ban) Sausage casings but has not been used for many years. The only two studies did not include in utero exposure. Toxic Red 3 (Erythrosine) (FDA has banned it from cosmetics, externally applied drugs, and lakes) Sausage casings, oral medication, maraschino cherries, baked goods, candies, some cosmetics. The only study did not include in utero exposure. Thyroid tumors Dye takes about 3 months to leave the body increased thyroid follicular cell adenomas in males, weight loss in adults and children, animal carcinogen. Red 40 (Allura Red) Beverages, bakery goods, dessert powders, candies, cereals, foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Yes p-Cresidine Possible reticuloendothelial tumors of the immune system No tumors in the only good study Hypersensitivity in all patients tested, passes in utero and Proves a significant decrease in body weight in females, was present in dogs system years later. And triggers hyperactivity in children. Yellow 5 (Tartrazine) Pet foods, in numerous bakery goods, beverages, dessert powders, candies, cereals, gelatin desserts, and many other foods, as well as pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Yes Benzidine, 4-amino-biphenyl levels found above FDA regulation Only mouse study was too brief, used too few mice, and Began with 6-weekold mice. No tumors in the only good study 6 of 11 studies showed genotoxicity. Hyperactivity in children. Induces chromosomal aberrations. It may be contaminated with several cancer-causing chemicals. Yellow 6 (Sunset Yellow) Color bakery goods, cereals, beverages, dessert powders, candies, gelatin desserts, sausage, cosmetics and drugs. Yes Benzidine, 4-amino-biphenyl Neither study included in utero exposure. Possible adrenal and testicular tumors. Hyperactivity in children. asthma angioedema of lips, eyes, or face; reddening of the eyes; sweating; increased tear secretion; nasal congestion; sneezing; rhinitis (runny nose); hoarseness; wheezing; and a variety of subjective symptoms. * Tests should be done on both sexes of two rodent species, use sufficient numbers of animals, include in utero exposure, last at least two years after birth, and use maximally tolerated dosages.Ideally, tests would be conducted by independent labs, but most tests on dyes were conducted by industry. (Dye, Food, Allergic Reactions, 2010, page 2) ** In addition, numerous studies have found that mixtures of dyes cause hyperactivity and other behavioral impairments in children.(Dye, Food, Allergic Reactions, 2010, page 2) What Countries Have Banned Artificial Coloring and Why Doesn’t the US Government do the same? A direct advisory to parents, warning them to limit their childrens consumption of additives if they notice an effect on behavior was issued the British Food Standards Agency (FSA) (Dark Side, 2014).Even most foods in the EU that contain artificial food dyes were labeled to warn that the product can have a bad effect on activity and attention in children to parents (7 Worst Ingredients, 2013).This caused many food producers to willingly takeout artificial dyes from their products and replaces them with natural substances to color their foods. In Other countries food additives that are banned are perfectly legal and ok to use in US foods. Various food dyes, BHA, BHT, rBGH, rBST, brominated vegetable oil, potassium bromate (aka brominated flour), Azodicarbonamide, the fat substitute Olestra, and arsenic are just some of the banned ingredients (7 Worst Ingredients, 2013).Because these food color additives are banned in those countries, companies like Kraft use natural dyes instead, such as annatto, beet-root, and paprika extract (The Dark Side, 2011). In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continues to allow these toxic ingredients in numerous popular foods, including those advertised specifically for children. By looking at the ingredients on a package of a Nutri-Grain strawberry cereal bar in the United States, you will discover that it contains Yellow 6, Blue 1, and Red 40. Although, in the United Kingdom the exact bar contains natural colorings beetroot red, annatto and paprika extract. This shows us that the United Kingdom government cares more about what their people consume more than the United States government does. How Do These Dyes Cause Cancer? Our bodies cannot process certain chemicals. Artificial colors are derived from petroleum and are full of Carcinogenicity. Dyes are made from the same petroleum that is used to make gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt, and tar; and it is turning up in an insane amount of packaged foods. Carcinogens are any material, radionuclide, or radioactivity which, is an agent that is directly involved with causing cancer. They are involved with causing cancer because it has the ability to damage the genome or disrupt the cellular metabolic process. How to start limiting your consumption of foods that contain dyes When reading product packs out for artificial colors. It is a nice way of saying that there are too many colors added to fit on the label.On an ingredients label the most frightening thing to see are the words artificial flavor or artificial color because there’s no way to know what it actually means or contains.Artificial flavor can stand for one unnatural additive is included, or it could be a blend of many additives added.Specifically, artificial flavoring in strawberries can contain around 50 chemical ingredients.In popcorn there’s an artificial flavoring known diacetyl which, is used as a butter flavoring. It is important that you enjoy genuine flavors, instead of fat, sugar, and salt. Which, are added to mask the metallic taste of chemical additives? However, you should search for foods with real ingredients by reading the labels carefully. While devoting time solely to enjoying the pleasures of eating. Plus you can also cook with meals and bake sweets with smaller amounts of these artificial dyes by using natural alternatives like spices and herbs to give color and taste to your foods. By doing so, you will slowly lose your desire for excessive sweet and salty foods. Therefore, go for high-quality foods. When shopping, look for products that have the least quantity of processed ingredients. Lastly, indulgence yourself well by not missing meals. (Weinstein, Bruce, 2010). Conclusion For years there have been discrepancies over whether or not certain food dyes causes various damage to the body. My opinion, there is After this I say they do, and for once may be safe if he or she starts to watch what they eat and learn how to consume little to no foods that contain anything that has a possible chance of hurting them in the long run. While Americans continue to enjoy on cereal bars, fruit juices, candy and many other processed foods with endless amount of coloring all due to imitated food colorings. While, individuals in the United Kingdom are appreciating those same colorful snacks and more, but without the artificial color. Which in turn brings to question; is America really overseeing the public’s safety or is just making the undeniable truth that has been well known since its creation? BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 Worst Ingredients in Processed Foods. Mercola.com. N.p., 30 Dec. 2013. Web. 20 Sept. 2014. The Dark Side of the Rainbow of Food Dyes Being Used to Color Your Food. Mercola.com. N.p., 13 Apr. 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. The Dark Side of the Rainbow of Food Dyes Being Used to Color Your Food. Mercola.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2014. Dees, Craig, Judith Moyer, and Curtis Travis. Do Food Dyes Cause Cancer in Americans? Insight on the News (1996): 38. General Reference Center Gold. Halifax Regional Library, 11 Mar. 1996. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Dye, Food, Allergic Reactions, Carcinogenic, and Contaminants. Food Dyes A Rainbow of Risks. Food Dyes (2010): 1-68. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. FDA Probes Link Between Food Dyes, Kids Behavior. NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. Food Coloring and Food Dyes. About Pediatrics Pediatric Parenting and Medical Advice. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Gowder, Sivakumar J T. Food Additives. Food Additives Risk Factors for Renal Failure (2013): 1-2. Socialomics. Web. 21 Dec. 2014. Matt. Food Dyes: The Toxic Situation Sott.net. SOTT.net. Food Freedom Network, 03 Feb. 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. Real Food Tips: 7 Reasons I Hate Artificial Food Dyes 100 Days of Real Food. 100 Days of Real Food. N.p., 13 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. Sarah Kobylewski,, Sarah, and Michael F. Jacobson. Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks. Washington, DC: He Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2010. Food Dyes: A Rainbow of Risks. The Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2010. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Smart Guide To Food Dyes: Buying Foods That Can Help Learning. Issue brief. Institute For Agriculture and Trade Policy, Feb. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Tsuda, S., M. Murakami, N. Matsuska, K. Kano, K. Taniquchi, and Y. F. Sasaki. DNA Damage Induced by Red Food Dyes Orally Administered to Pregnant and Male Mice. Toxicology Science (2001): n. pag. May 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Color Additives: FDAs Regulatory Process and Historical Perspectives. THE TARGET GROUP, 2003. Web. 18 Sept. 2014. U.S. Foods Full of Banned Ingredients. Mercola.com. N.p., 27 Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Sept. 2014. Wean Yourself Off Processed Foods in 7 Steps. Mercola.com. N.p., 01 July 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. Weinstein, Bruce, and Mark Scarbrough. Real Food Has Curves: How to Get off Processed Food, Lose Weight, and Love What You Eat ; with More than 100 Recipes. New York: Gallery, 2010. Print.